Research demonstrates that injectable GHK-Cu can boost collagen production by up to 70%, speed wound healing by 30-50%, promote hair growth comparable to 5% minoxidil, and influence the expression of over 4,000 human genes in ways that favor tissue repair over breakdown
However, this beneficial effect cannot definitively be attributed to the antioxidant action against ROS due to excessively low plasma concentrations (approximately 110 uM), as compared with the analyzed concentrations of the blood antioxidants vitamin C, E, and glutathione (152)
Trametinib (HDACi) inhibits M2-type polarization of macrophages, leading to a reduction in the expression of pro-angiogenic growth factors VEGF-A and Arg1 in these cells (53)
Adjusting the metabolic fluxes of soluble sugars and amino acids based on the pathogen's lifestyle is crucial for sustaining strategies that support host defenses or create an unfavourable environment for the pathogen (Seifi et al