l carnitine vs d carnitine Functional differences between l- and d-carnitine in metabolic regulation evaluated using a low-carnitine Nile tilapia model Propionyl-L-carnitine-d3 hydrochloride | Stable Isotope

Together, these advances highlight ongoing progress toward defining substate-specific biomarkers that can distinguish harmful from adaptive astrocyte responses to guide therapeutic targeting of astrocyte reactivity in neurological disease

2019;51(2):e13182

Diagnostics 11:509

The authors administered oral Dihexa to APP/PS1 transgenic mice (a standard amyloidopathy model of Alzheimers disease) and showed that brain AngIV levels were elevated relative to wild-type after Dihexa administration, that spatial learning and memory were restored on Morris water maze testing, that hippocampal neuronal density and synaptophysin protein expression were preserved, that astrocyte and microglial activation were reduced, and that pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-) decreased while anti-inflammatory IL-10 increased