In some embodiments, a concentration of the otoprotectant is at least or about 0.001 M, 0.005 M, 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.10 M, 0.5 M, 1 M, 5 M, 10 M, 20 M, 30 M, 40 M, 50 M, 60 M, 70 M, 80 M, 90 M, 100 M, 120 M, 140 M, 160 M, 180 M, 200 M, or more than 200 M
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Oxygen uptake by isolated mitochondrial fractions or brain homogenates was measured polarographically using an open Clark platinum microelectrode
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